An analysis of the Depreciation Methods in GAAP in the UK

An analysis of the Depreciation Methods in GAAP in the UK Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of a plant asset to expense over its useful (service) life in a rational and systematic manner† (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003:416). There are three factors affect the calculation of depreciation, which are asset cost, useful life and salvage value (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Accountant in different companies will use various methods to compute the depreciation. There are straight-line method, reducing balance method (double declining balance, sum of digits, reducing percentage), annuity method, and unit of production method (Mike, Ron and Allister, 1994). And in most companies, especially in the large corporations, they will use the straight-line method, because it is the easiest one to compute the depreciation. This essay will illustrate some method that usually used in the companies and contract with each method to find out which one is the most useful. At the beginning, the essay will illustrate the straight-line method , the second one is reducing balance method, the third method is sum of digits, and the last one is the unit of production method. Below each method, the essay will give an example, which is calculated by me. Under the straight-line method, the annual depreciation expense is the same over the asset’s estimated useful life every year. The annual depreciation expense is determined by depreciation cost divided by the useful life of the asset or multiplied by the annual rate of depreciation (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Example 1 An asset costs  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000, its expected salvage value is  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000, its estimated useful life is 5 years. Depreciable cost = ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000- ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000 = ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000 Annual depreciation expense = ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000/5years= ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 OR Annual rate of depreciation =100%à ·5years=20% Annual depreciation expense = ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000*20%= ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 Year 1 Cost  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 2 Net book value 9,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 3 Net book value 7,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 4 Net book value 5,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 5 Net book value 3,000 Depreciation 2,000 Net book value 1,000 The straight-line method is the simplest way among all the methods; it suitable for the use of asset is unvarying during the useful life; it is popular used by large corporation, such as Campbell Soup, Marriott Corporation and General Mills. However, the reducing balance method has a falling depreciation amount every year during the useful life of the asset. The changing depreciation is depended on the book value (cost less accumulated depreciation). It is calculated to multiply the book value at the beginning of the year and the reducing balance depreciation rate (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Example 2 An asset costs (book value at the beginning of year)  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000, its expected salvage value is  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000, its estimated useful life is 5 years. Reducing balance depreciation rate = 100%à ·5years=20%* Calculation o f  ¿Ã‚ ¡901.12( ¿Ã‚ ¡4505.6ÃÆ'-20%) is adjusted to  ¿Ã‚ ¡3505.6 in order to make the book value equal salvage value (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Sum of digits is another kind of reducing balance method, which has the closest connection with useful life and salvage value of the asset. The depreciation cost is multiply depreciation cost (asset cost less salvage value) by digits of each year (Mike, Ron and Allister, 1994). Example 3 An asset costs  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000, its expected salvage value is  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000, its estimated useful life is 5 years The digits add up is 1+2+3+4+5=15

A Systematic Comparison Between Traditional and Agile Methods Essay

A Systematic Comparison Between Traditional and Agile Methods - Essay Example Project management is a methodical technique to managing and scheduling project resources and tasks from inauguration to completion. However, these tasks and resources are separated into five stages, i.e. initiation, planning, executing, controlling, and completion or termination of the project. In fact, this standard format of the project management can be used for almost every kind of project, in view of the fact that its basic purpose is to systematize the different processes of project development (Kerzner, 2006; Haughey, 2009; TechTarget, 2008). Normally, the project management techniques are classified into two categories: traditional project management and agile project management. In traditional project management, project plans and cost estimates are normally developed once, in a front-loaded mode, and the remaining activities of a project involve adjusting to reality. On the other hand, in agile project management, every iteration is an opportunity to go back over the plan and adjust to reality for the next iteration (Freedman, 2010). Traditional project management approaches Traditional project management works fine for a lot of projects and environments. Actually, traditional project management makes use of the traditional tools and techniques for management and solving problems. In simple words, â€Å"the traditional project management is 'a collection of tools and techniques that can be used to perform an operation that seeks an end product, outcome, or a service†. These traditional tools and techniques can include the use of PERT chart and Gantt chart to estimate the schedule or plan the project (TutorialsPoint, 2012). The major advantage of the traditional project management methods is that they are plan driven and they follow a sequence and management approach to project development. Thus, the use of the traditional project management methods allows completing a complex project in a sequential phase wise manner where all the requirements are collected and approved at the beginning. And on the basis of these requirements software design is completed next and finally master design is executed to build high quality software. Another advantage of the traditional software development methods is they are very well-organized and purposeful planning and control methods. These methods allow us to recognize the distinct project life cycles (Rehman et al., 2010; Szalvay, 2004; Serena, 2007). Despite a lot of advantages associated with these methods, they have certain drawbacks as well. According to these methods, all the project requirements must be completed and approved before the project is initialized. On the other hand, in case of a large size and complex projects it is not possible to collect all the requirements before beginning the project. Hence, we will need to make some changes to the project requirements which will change design and as a result the entire project development will be affected (Rehman et al., 2010; Szalvay, 2004; Serena, 2007). In addition, the traditional project management methods are aimed at dealing with large size development projects, and the issues and challenges in determining and handling these endeavours to effectively carry results. Additionally, these methods were a great deal

Summarising and evaluating the contributions made to the Semantic Web Essay

Summarising and evaluating the contributions made to the Semantic Web research area and Challenges of the semantic web - Essay Example While the progressive implications of the Semantic Web are evident there remains a number of varying contributions and challenges to the overriding movement. Ontologies are one of the prominent aspects of the Semantic Web. As the Indeed, as the Semantic Web is divided into a number of hierarchical layers, it’s noted that, â€Å"the Ontology layer, in form of the OWL Web Ontology Language, is currently the highest layer of sufficient maturity† (Lukasiewicz and Straccia 2007). While ontologies are highly contingent elements within the Semantic Web one of the primary problems related to their implementation is the notion of vagueness. Current approaches to vagueness issues have been approached by a variety of formalisms; for instance Google uses probalistic techniques. One of the most pervasive concerns in terms of vagueness is the understanding that linguistic elements oftentimes contain within them necessarily vague structural demarcations. For instance, Lukasiewicz and Straccia (2007) note the difficulty in determining the true extent that a tomato is ripe; one considers that young or tall would produce similar search diffi culties. Still, it’s recognized that considerable development is needed in this area, with current research focusing on description logics. Another prominent challenge of the Semantic Web is in terms of uncertainty. While vagueness issues are relegated to linguistic elements that lack a definite boundary, uncertainty challenges can be understood -- as indicated by Lukasiewicz and Straccia (2007, p. 3) -- as including â€Å"all those approaches in which statements rather than being either true or false, are true or false to some probability or possibility (for example, â€Å"it will rain tomorrow†)†. In these instances, uncertainty is further understood in terms of probability and possibility, with possibility regarded as entirely

A Rose for Emily Essays -- A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

"A Rose for Emily" is a wonderful short story written by William Faulkner. It begins with at the end of Miss Emily’s life and told from an unknown person who most probably would be the voice of the town. Emily Grierson is a protagonist in this story and the life of her used as an allegory about the changes of a South town in Jefferson after the civil war, early 1900's. Beginning from the title, William Faulkner uses symbolism such as house, Miss Emily as a â€Å"monument â€Å", her hair, Homer Barron, and even Emily’s â€Å"rose† to expresses the passing of time and the changes. The central theme of the story is decay in the town, the house, and in Miss Emily herself. It shows the way in which we all grow old and decay and there is nothing permanent except change. Miss Emily’s house is one of the important symbols which represent the past because it rejects updating like Miss Emily. The â€Å"†¦ house had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street† (209).Then it ages with Emily an â€Å"eyesore among eyesores† (209). She had once been â€Å"a slender figure in white† (211) and later she looks â€Å"bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water... her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face...† (210). She represents the Old South by her actions. She avoided to believe that time were changing and did not join the new society. She even does not come out. One example of Emily lives in the past is when she refuses to pay the tax. During Miss Emily’s funeral she referred to another symbol as a â€Å"fallen monument† (209), which could mean she was once beautiful and wealthy but with time she grew old and became poor. Also it port... ... the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair† (215). Considered in above symbols, Faulkner's story gives the idea with the changes of appearances and life of Emily Grierson by the time as an allegory for the changes in the old fashioned Southern ideals after the Civil War. Even though Emily is a strong woman, at the same time she is the victim of her resistance to change of time while the world went on without her and misperception of the people around her. In conclusion, this story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† tells the life, the love, the time, hopes, and destruction of Emily Grierson by using intelligent symbols. Emily never accepts that the changing world around her might be benefiting for her life "The newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town" (214), but Emily always in conflict with both her heart and her community, and modern world.

Cause of Cyberbullying Essay

Cyber-bullying is when a person uses the Internet in order to deliberately cause repeated harm to another individual or to embarrass them. Cyber-bullying can include threats, sexual harassment or continued unwanted contact with a person via email, social networks, forums or instant messaging. Cyber-bullies have also been known to post personal information such as phone numbers, addresses and full names on forums or other websites. Almost half of American teens have experienced cyber-bullying. In a study conducted by iSafe. rg, 42 percent of kids have been bullied at least once while online. Twenty-five percent of those kids have had this happen multiple times. One in five kids has been threatened multiple times online. Over 20 percent of kids have received threatening emails. Fifty-eight percent of kids have not told anyone about their cyber-bullying experiences. Almost half of the kids who experienced cyber-bullying had no idea of their perpetrator’s identity. Many individuals choose to cyber-bully others online because they can hide their identity. Cyber-bullies often create fake screen names, social profiles, and email addresses in order to harass and bully their victim without being recognized. This allows the bully to be free of getting into real trouble for their behavior. There can be some serious effects on the victims of cyber-bullying. Many victims have increased suicidal thoughts, fear, worry, frustration, anger, depression, becoming paranoid and a decrease in self-esteem. Sometimes a victim may even begin avoiding their friends and normal activities due to their anger and frustration. Teens often begin to do worse in their classes due to their minds not being on their school work but on their cyber-bully. The effects of cyber-bullying can, in rare cases, cause a victim to commit suicide. There have been four cases of suicides due to cyber-bullying recorded in the United States. Cyber-bullying adult victims can cause the victim to lose earnings, reputation and employment opportunities. Cyber-bullies may post the victim’s name and make up various lies about the person, defaming them. Many employment companies do a web search on a person’s name before hiring them and this may be something that they find. Children and teenagers are becoming more technologically savvy and are looking to the Internet and their cell phones for entertainment, and to social networks to meet new people who share the same interests as them. It was only a matter of time before bullying made its way to the Internet, especially through modes like MySpace and Facebook. Cyber-bullies have been making news lately with the recent deaths of children across the nation who has perished because of online bullying campaigns. Some examples of cyber-bullying include sending threatening emails, text messages or comments to another person; tricking someone into revealing private or embarrassing information and sending it to others; breaking into someone’s email or social media account and sending false messages to others while posing as this person; and creating web pages to make fun of another person. Even though the bullying doesn’t take place on a one-on-one basis, Myspace cyber-bullying and other forms of cyber-bullying still show the same effects. Rather than just being bullied while in the classroom or playground, children can be the target of cyber-bullying 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Some of the more general effects of cyber bullying include poor performance at school, depression and low self-esteem. Because cyber-bullying can take place outside of the classroom and at a more frequent rate, the child may experience more extreme cases of these effects. Cyber-bullying also can happen accidentally. The impersonal nature of text messages, IMs, and emails make it very hard to detect the sender’s tone, one teen’s joke or sense of humor could be another’s devastating insult. Nevertheless, a repeated pattern of emails, text messages, and online posts is rarely accidental. Bullying has been around for many generations and some people would say that it is just a part of growing up. If your child experiences physical threats, report it to the owners of the websites or local officials and keep a log of the bullying. As the saying goes, â€Å"What doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger. † However in today’s technologically advanced age, the death of a child is never worth it.

Gender Discrimination And The Workplace - 1356 Words

2.1 Introduction For many decades now it has been said that there has been inequality in the workplace, it has been a major issue in the workplace in terms of women not being allowed to have certain jobs as well as in terms of women not being promoted within the workplace which all contributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many social psychologists. It has been said that in 2007 the Office for National Statistics (2013) says that the medium hourly pay between men and women as the lowest since regards began being a gap of 12.5%. This review will discuss the reasons for inequality and if it still exists. This segment of the dissertation will demonstrate the theoretical context of equality in regards to employment: how women viewed in the workplace, which will be done by reviewing theories and research of relevant authors. The aim of the literature review is to examine whether Gender inequality still exists in the 21 st Century as well as to use a theoretical perspective in order to achieve the aims of this dissertation. In order to achieve the aim of this literature review, the aims and objectives will be used to find out if there are still traces of inequality in the workplace. This literature review will briefly look over the aims and objectives of this dissertation which are to: - Identify the extent toShow MoreRelatedGender Discrimination And The Workplace Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen make towards gender workplace equality but gender workplace discrimination continues to be an impediment to gender equality. For the purpose of research on gender workplace discrimination, I used four journal articles. The first article, Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias, by author William T. Bielby, discusses stereotyping in the workplace. The article offers suggestions on how organizations should review their policy and procedures to minimize bias in the workplace. This articleRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace962 Words   |  4 Pages Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Santisha Fleming Human Resource Management Dr.Juluis Demps –Management 360 Jacksonville University April, 1, 2015â€Æ' American women can vote, hold office, and they can work in a public work environment. They are considered have an equal opportunity when compared to men. What is the true definition of equal employment opportunity? Does this mean that women and men are offered the same opportunities in the workplace? As well treated equally in regardsRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace1165 Words   |  5 PagesGender discrimination in the workplace is a recurring issue in businesses today. Employees are given the right by their employers to be protected from discrimination and inequality in the workplace. In just about every business setting today, men and women work together in the same fields, jobs, and projects. However, it has only been up until (relatively) recently that men and women have been in competition for the same jobs. With the predetermined assumptions of the different roles between bothRead MoreGender Discrimination in the Workplace765 Words   |  4 Pages Gende r discrimination can cover a wide variety of social prejudice. Throughout much of world history, even American history women have been treated as second class citizens. In the United States women have had to fight for rights such as the right to vote, or own land. These are just a few examples of the many injustices that women have had to face. Men have held the position of leadership, and power throughout history when it comes to almost everything. Men would even decide to whom a womenRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace866 Words   |  4 PagesGender Discrimination in the Workplace Many people associate certain occupations with a certain gender, like women with nurses and teachers, and men with lawyers and truck drivers. If those genders and occupations switched, the majority would deem it unethical. Occupations should not be linked with specific genders; whereas, they should be accessible to both genders. In certain occupations, people are treated differently because of their gender and labeled with different stereotypes. There shouldRead MoreGender Discrimination In The Workplace1867 Words   |  8 PagesDiscrimination in the workplace, specifically gender discrimination is a significant matter, impacting women all over the world. Defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 11, discrimination is ‘Any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation.’. As stated by GillianRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace1749 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Anders Prof. Bross College Writing November 14, 2014 Gender Discrimination in The Workplace In recent years, the issue of gender equality in the workplace and equal pay has been under serious debate. Although there has been significant improvement since when women were first able to work and equal opportunity laws were created, there is still some room for more improvement. The federal government has made laws over the years such as The Civil Rights act, Equal Pay Act and Family andRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace2876 Words   |  12 Pageshave reached maturity, and that stereotyping and discrimination cease to exist. But it is from my own personal experience that I have found this is in fact, not the case, and that harassment in the workplace is a very real issue. Primarily, I am researching the way media portrays gender-biases in the workplace, and why they are relevant. Additionally, I am looking at which occupations might lead to higher levels of emotional stress related to gender inequality for women, and to what historical eventsRead MoreGender Dis crimination And The Workplace Essay1811 Words   |  8 PagesStereotypical gender norms have had a negative impact on what our society perceives as normal tasks for female accountants. More often than not, male accountants are given more demanding tasks in comparison to their female coworkers who are equally qualified but handed less strenuous tasks. Currently, there seems to be a gap in the ratio of women to men in positions of authority. This can be a variety of reasons, one being social norms of what is expected of women in the workforce. Women are frequentlyRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1835 Words   |  8 PagesGender Discrimination There are many things that a potential employee has to worry about when considering taking a position within a company. Things like the amount of pay they need, the benefits that will be offered to them, the values and morals of the company and whether or not those values and morals align with their own, and if they could see themselves growing within this company throughout the years because no one wants to work a dead end job for the rest of their life. However, along with

The Legal Drinking Age Of The United States - 1345 Words

With food, there comes a variety of cultural differences with beverages. One of the most popular drink markets in the United States is energy drinks. This industry has grown significantly in the past ten years, and many of the companies are household names, such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar Energy. While they have mainstream success in the United States, many countries look down on these products because of their use of certain supplements, such as excess amounts of caffeine of taurine. Some countries have done things such as banning the sale of these products to minors, or even outlawing them completely. These products vary from culture to culture, with some countries introducing their own product lines, ones that are only available†¦show more content†¦This is a common practice among college level students, particularly those in a fraternity. Another factor that plays into American culture is the large amount of alcohol users that are considered alcohol dependent. Of all of these alcohol users, 4.7% are considered to be alcohol dependent, meaning they must drink a certain amount of alcohol to feel as if they can function properly (World Health Organization, 2014). In comparison, the legal drinking age in Russia is 18, and there is an average alcohol consumption of 11.5 liters per capita. This alcohol consumption is made up of 51% spirits, 38% beer, and 11% wine. When it comes to alcohol dependency, Russia is much higher than the United States, with 9.3% of their total drinking population considered alcohol dependent. Though there is more alcohol consumed, and a more relaxed policy on who can drink in Russia, they are a lot more strict on drinking and operating a vehicle. The United States blood alcohol content considered to be legal when driving is .08, whereas in Russia there is a zero tolerance policy on drinking and driving. This strict policy has lead to fewer alcohol related accidents and deaths, even though there is a much higher amount o f alcohol consumed (World Health Organization, 2014). One surprising fact is that many countries practice abstaining from alcohol altogether.